instituting structural reforms to reflect the provisions of the Convention.� The Committee also considered important the willingness of the representatives of Georgia to acknowledge that, despite the reforms referred to above, torture and ill-treatment occurred in places of detention and elsewhere.� The Committee expressed concern about the volume of complaints of torture, particularly related to the extraction of confessions, and the failure to investigate claims of torture promptly and to prosecute alleged offenders.� It recommended that incommunicado detention be abolished and that rigorous educational programmes for the police, prison officers, doctors, prosecutors and judges be implemented to ensure that each group understood its constitutional role and its obligations under the Convention.
Following its consideration of the second periodic report from Greece in April 1994, the Committee felt that Greece had a very advanced legislative and administrative scheme for the implementation of human rights values contained in the international instruments.� The Committee was concerned at the practice of severe ill-treatment which seemed to be an ongoing problem occurring in some police stations.� It recommended that the advanced legislation in Greece for preventing the ill-treatment of accused persons be fully applied in practice.
It also recommended that more attention be given to adequate training on the prohibition of torture to medical personnel.
When the Committee took up the initial report of the Czech Republic in November 1994, it expressed its pleasure that the Czech Republic had adopted a definition of torture which was close to that in the Convention, and had taken the steps necessary to ensure that it was a crime in that country.� The Committee said that, even though the Czech Republic had not declared in favour of articles 21
and 22 and maintained its reservation on article 20 of the Convention, the Czech delegation had explained that this was due to the weight of business in the legislative and executive fields, and in no way reflected a lack of political will to remedy the situation.� The Committee was confident that the Czech Republic would move to reform its situation in this regard and looked forward to its second periodic report.
����� Provisional Timetable for Consideration of Reports
In ratifying or acceding to the Convention, States are obliged to submit reports on the measures they have taken to implement its provisions.� States are invited to send representatives to attend the meetings during which their reports are considered.� For this session, the Committee has drawn up the following provisional timetable for the consideration of reports:
1 May (morning): ������ Georgia, second periodic report CAT/C/48/Add.1.�
2 May (morning):������� Greece, third periodic report, CAT/C/39/Add.3.
(afternoon):Georgia (continued).�
3 May (morning): ������ Bolivia, initial report, CAT/C/52/Add.1.
(afternoon):Greece (continued).�
4 May (morning): ������ Slovakia, initial report, CAT/C/24/Add.6.
(afternoon):Bolivia: replies.�
7 May (morning):������� Czech Republic, second periodic report, CAT/C/38/Add.1. ��� (afternoon):����� Georgia: conclusions and recommendations, Slovakia
����������������������� (continued).�
8 May: (morning)������� Brazil, initial report, CAT/C/9/Add.16.
����� �(afternoon):���� Greece: conclusions and recommendations, Czech Republic ��������������������� (continued).�
9 May� (morning):������ Kazakhstan, initial report, CAT/C/47/Add.1.
����� �(afternoon):���� Bolivia: conclusions and recommendations ,Brazil ���������������������������� (continued).�
10 May (morning):������ Costa Rica, initial report CAT/C/24/Add.7.
����� �(afternoon):���� Kazakhstan, replies.�
11 May (afternoon):���� Slovakia, conclusions and recommendations; Costa Rica, ���������������������� (continued).�
14 May (afternoon):���� Czech Republic, conclusions and recommendations.�
15 May (afternoon):���� Brazil, conclusions and recommendations.�
16 May (afternoon): ��� Kazakhstan, conclusions and recommendations.�
17 May (afternoon):���� Costa Rica, conclusions and recommendations.�
As each country report is taken up by the Committee, a summary of the relevant document will be in the Geneva press release covering that session.
Background on Convention and Committee
The Convention, adopted unanimously by the General Assembly in 1984, entered into force on 26 June 1987.� States parties to the Convention are required to outlaw torture and are explicitly prohibited from using "higher orders" or "exceptional circumstances" as excuses for acts of torture.� The Convention introduced two significant new elements to the United Nations fight against torture.� First, it specifies that alleged torturers may be tried in any State party or they may be extradited to face trial in the State party where their crimes were committed.� Second, it provides for international investigation of reliable reports of torture, including visits to the State party concerned, with its agreement.
Under article 20 of the Convention, if the Committee receives reliable information which appears to contain well founded indications that torture is being systematically practised in the territory of a State party, the Committee shall invite that State party to cooperate in the examination of this information.
Under article 21, a State party to the Convention may at any time declare that it recognizes the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications to the effect that a State party claims that another State party is not fulfilling its obligations under the Convention.
Under article 22, a State party to the Convention may at any time declare that it recognizes the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications from, or on behalf of, individuals subject to its jurisdiction who claim to be victims of a violation by a State party of the provisions of the Convention.
The Convention has been ratified or acceded to by the following 123 States:� Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal,� Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Yemen, Yugoslavia and Zambia.
The following 43 States have recognized the competence of the Committee against Torture, under articles 21 and 22 of the Convention:� Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia.� In addition, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States have recognized the competence of the Committee under article 21 only.
The Commission on Human Rights, at its fifty-seventh session, invited States parties to the Convention to make declarations under articles 21 and 22.� It also invited parties to envisage withdrawing their reservations to article 20.
Other United Nations Activities against Torture
In addition to preventive measures, the United Nations has taken action to come to the aid of torture victims.� In 1981, the General Assembly set up the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Torture.� At its fifty-seventh session on 24 April 2001, the Commission on Human Rights appealed to all governments, organizations and individuals in a position to do so to contribute to the Fund in order to allow it to respond to the constantly increasing number of requests for assistance.� On 25 April 2001, the Commission extended the mandate of its Special Rapporteur on Torture for three years, encouraging all governments to envisage inviting him to visit their countries.
The Commission also requested the Working Group charged with elaborating a draft optional protocol to the Convention against Torture to continue its work with a view to achieving a definitive and concrete text.� The draft optional protocol would establish a system of inspection visits to places of detention.� The Chairman of the Committee and the Special Rapporteur were requested to participate in the proceedings of the Working Group.
Membership and Officers
The Committee’s members are elected by the States parties to the Convention and serve in their personal capacity.� The current members of the Committee are: Peter Thomas Burns (Canada); Guibril Camara (Senegal); Sayed Kassem el Masry
