Gene Discovery Could Overcome Aluminum Barrier To Higher Wheat Yields Worldwide

By Hank Becker
October 15, 1996

WASHINGTON, Oct. 15--A U.S. Department of Agriculture scientist and colleagues in three other countries have found a gene in rye that could help wheat, a major food staple, grow on millions of acres worldwide that are now hostile to the crop.

Plant geneticist J. Perry Gustafson of USDA's Agricultural Research Service said the gene enables wheat to resist toxins in aluminum often found in acid soils. "No plant likes aluminum," he said. "It limits crop productivity on a large scale around the world."

Overseas and in this country, about 5 billion acres of acid soil harbor aluminum, he said. "Now that rye's anti-aluminum gene has been located, the goal is to put it to work using biotechnology in wheat varieties worldwide."

USDA's Acting Under Secretary for Research, Education and Economics,Catherine Wotecki, said the research is the "kind needed to better feed future generations of people worldwide. The discovery of this gene could help farmers utilize the vast acres of acid soil in the world where aluminum-tolerant cereal grains can be grown."

Gustafson and co-researchers in Brazil, Poland and Mexico discovered the gene as part of eight years of work on locating new genes in wheat and rye. "A major objective has been to find genes that breeders worldwide can use to develop new high-yielding commercial varieties of wheat and rye," said Wotecki.

Gustafson and colleagues made their genetic discovery by unlocking the mysterious role of protein synthesis in blocking the uptake of aluminum in the cereal plant's roots. He works at the ARS Plant Genetics Research Unit in Columbia, Mo.

"If the international collaboration and support continues, we should be able to give wheat breeders lines that are more aluminum tolerant than existing varieties in about five years," Gustafson said. That would offer potentially higher yields for a hungry world, he added.

World population, now 5.8 billion, may grow to more than 9 billion by the year 2046, according to estimates by the U.S. Bureau of the Census.

Other USDA crop research having worldwide implications includes:

  • USDA scientists developed a new test that will help plant breeders around the world find rice plants that have genes for greater resistance to zinc deficiency. Sulfides formed in rice paddies make zinc unavailable, which costs farmers million of dollars in lost yields annually. [Contact : Rufus Chaney, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Beltsville, Md. (301) 504-8324]
  • USDA scientists developed a soybean strain with both high yields and high protein levels. This is a first in soybean breeding and will overcome the problem of decreasing protein levels as seed yield increases. [Contact: Richard F. Wilson, Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Research Laboratory, Raleigh, N.C. (919) 515-3171]
  • USDA scientists conducted field studies of a taro variety called Lila. Taro is a tropical crop that produces underground stems that are an excellent source of starch and minerals. This variety can triple the yield of this root crop on tropical farms because it is more efficient than other varieties in using soil nutrients. Scientists say the findings could help boost taro production throughout tropical parts of the world. [Contact: Ricardo Goenaga, Tropical Agriculture Research Station, Mayaguez, P.R. (787) 831-3435]
  • A USDA scientist developed new cucumbers that, when preserved as pickles, retain beta carotene that the body converts to vitamin A. Vitamin A is necessary for normal vision, bone growth and tooth development. Cucumbers grow well in hot, humid climates of developing countries where many children suffer vitamin A deficiencies. [Contact: Phillip W. Simon, Vegetable Crops Research Laboratory, Madison, Wis. (608) 262-1248]

Scientific contact: Larry Darrah or J. Perry Gustafson, ARS, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Columbia, Mo., (573) 882-7318/2349, [email protected].

U.S. Department of Agriculture
 


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