1998 From: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center News Center
Strongest Stellar Magnetic Field Yet Observed Confirms Existence Of 'Magnetars'A neutron star located 40,000 light years from Earth is generating the most intense magnetic field yet observed in the Universe, according to an international team of astronomers led by scientists at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. The discovery confirms the existence of a special class of neutron stars dubbed "magnetars." Magnetars have a magnetic field estimated to be one thousand trillion times the strength of Earth's magnetic field. A neutron star is a burned-out star roughly equal in mass to the Sun that has collapsed through gravitational forces to be only about 10 miles across; magnetars have a magnetic field that is about 100 times stronger than the typical neutron star. The discovery, to be published in the May 21 issue of the journal Nature, was made by a team of astronomers at the Marshall Space Flight Center led by Dr. Chryssa Kouveliotou (pronounced Koo-vuh-lee-o-toe) of the Universities Space Research Association, working with Dr. Stefan Dieters of the University of Alabama in Huntsville, Professor Jan van Paradijs of the University of Alabama in Huntsville and the University of Amsterdam, and Dr. Tod Strohmayer of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "This finding should help us better calculate the rate at which stars die and create the heavier elements that later become planets and other stars," Kouveliotou said. Kouveliotou and her team determined the strength of the magnetic field by combining data gathered by NASA's Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer satellite with data from the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics, a collaborative mission between Japan and the United States. "The magnetic field generated by this star is truly incredible," Kouveliotou said. "It is so intense that it heats the surface to 18 million degrees Fahrenheit. Periodically, the field drifts through the crust of the neutron star, exerting such colossal forces that it causes a 'starquake.' The 'starquake' energy is then released as an intense burst of low-energy gamma rays." Since these bursts happen quite often and the bulk of their energy is in low-energy (soft) gamma rays, the objects associated with them had been named Soft Gamma Repeaters. When bursting, Soft Gamma Repeaters are among the brightest objects in the sky, giving off as much energy in a single second as the Sun does in an entire year. The magnetar in question, called SGR 1806-20 by astronomers, was first discovered when it emitted soft gamma ray bursts. Astronomers have debated the origin of Soft Gamma Repeaters since they were first observed in 1979. With this discovery, however, researchers believe the origin of Soft Gamma Repeaters lies in the "starquake" phenomena of magnetars. The magnetar theory was first proposed in 1992 by astrophysicists Dr. Robert Duncan of the University of Texas at Austin and Dr. Christopher Thompson of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Astronomers believe that at least 10 percent of neutron stars are born with magnetic fields that are strong enough to be considered magnetars. Neutron stars are created in supernovae explosions and they spin rapidly, at rates up to hundreds of revolutions per second. The magnetar SGR 1806-20 is observed to be spinning once every 7.5 seconds and is slowing down roughly three milliseconds per year. Super-strong magnetic fields cause a neutron star to "brake" and "cool down," making it practically impossible to observe them in radio waves or X-rays. This means there could be thousands or even millions of these dark relics scattered throughout our Milky Way galaxy. This could account for the large number of observed supernovae remnants without detectable neutron stars at their centers.
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